Last June, Harkins Theatres, a Scottsdale, Ariz.-based chain of movie theaters, landed for the first time in California, opening a state-of-the-art 16-screen cinema complex in a mall in Moreno Valley. Harkins' arrival led to the closure of an eight-screen facility owned by UltraStar Cinemas at the edge of the mall.
Soon San Diego-based UltraStar will return the favor. The company, which owns 100 screens spread across a dozen locations in Southern California, is making its first venture into Arizona — building a theater in the Phoenix suburb of Surprise that will open early in 2008.
But that's just the start: UltraStar has signed a deal with shopping center developer Glimcher Ventures Southwest, headquartered in Phoenix, to build another half-dozen theaters in Arizona over the next three years. This in a marketplace owned for years by Harkins. And UltraStar isn't alone — at least three other theater chains are considering sites in Surprise, a town of 120,000 that until recently had no movie houses at all.
“Harkins is a good company and I respect them a lot,” says Alan Grossberg, president and CEO of UltraStar, which he founded in 1998. “But Arizona is growing very fast right now and we want to participate in that growth. The old boundaries in this business are changing.”
The theater industry, which enjoyed a boom in new construction in the mid to late 1990s before overbuilding forced at least a half-dozen overextended chains into bankruptcy in 2000 and 2001, is back on an expansion binge. Shopping center owners, who had grown wary of cinema tenants prone to dumping leases unexpectedly, are courting major exhibitors again.
Facilities erected just a decade ago, at the dawn of the stadium seating era, are suddenly looking aged and vulnerable as the industry morphs to outsized IMAX screens, digital projection technology and upscale amenities like bars and restaurants on-site (See brief on p. 138). And competition in many markets, like Phoenix, has never been more ferocious.
Movie studios once routinely granted an exhibitor exclusive rights to show a newly released film within a protected radius of 10 miles or more. A few years ago that radius shrunk to three miles. In the next couple of years it may shrink further — or cease to exist entirely — as theater chains brazenly set up shop across the street from one another. Some experts foresee a day when theaters compete head-to-head just as Target and Wal-Mart do today, cheek by jowl.
Right now every chain is jockeying for the best sites. Harkins, which opened just one theater as recently as 2002 and none in 2003, is opening a half-dozen this year and at least five next year. “This is our most active period in a long time,” confirms Michael Bowers, Harkins president and COO.
Theaters, on average, cost about $1 million per screen, land included, to build. Bowers is negotiating his way to expansion by taking advantage of shopping center developers' willingness to finance construction through build-to-suit deals. A 14-screen complex going up in the new Park West lifestyle center in the Phoenix suburb of Peoria, developed by General Growth Properties Inc. of Chicago, is being built in that manner.
“Shopping center developers viewed all theaters as bad investments for a long while,” Bowers says. “Now they recognize theaters can be an important part of a center's success.” With older theaters closing down in many places, the statistics on industry growth only tell part of this renaissance story.
In 2006, according to the National Association of Theatre Owners in Washington, D.C., the number of movie screens in service in the U.S. rose 2 percent to 38,439. That comes on top of a 3 percent gain the year before. From 2000 to 2004, the number of theater screens around the nation actually declined. So did the number of movie facilities — from a peak of 7,744 in 1995 to just 5,939 last year.
John Fithian, president of the Theatre Owners group, thinks the tide has firmly turned. “The industry went through a period of retrenchment around the time of 9/11,” he says. “But now we're building again.”
Willis Johnson, who started with a single-screen theater in suburban Chicago in 1978 and built his company, Tivoli Enterprises Inc., into a chain of a dozen facilities with 86 screens, has seen this expansion wave before and is worried.
In the late 1990s, he recalls, big national companies raced to put up the latest megaplexes. They built too many too fast, and were consumed by debt and lower-than-expected attendance that led to the demise and sale of such names as Lowe's and General Cinema. Now he sees a similar race to build and the prospect of another round of oversaturation.
“If you can find a good location that's underserved, then by all means go ahead and put up a theater. But there aren't many sites like that left now,” Johnson explains. If they throw caution to the wind, Johnson predicts another cycle of theater closings similar to those that occurred six years ago. Thus the boom-and-bust cycle of movie theater development will play out yet again.
As usual, the well-capitalized operators with the best assets in prime locations will be most likely to weather the storm.
Some of the confidence exuded by movie theater chains today stems from rising revenues. U.S. box office receipts were up nearly 6 percent last year to $9.48 billion. Attendance rose 4 percent to 1.45 billion admissions. Those aren't all-time records, but they demonstrate that the advent of mail-order DVD rentals, downloadable movies from the Web and wide-screen home entertainment systems aren't going to put the neighborhood megaplex out of business anytime soon.
It's not just developers who have restored faith in movie chains. Wall Street is hungry to invest in the action, too. As of late April both the industry's second-largest chain, AMC Entertainment Inc. of Kansas City, Mo., and the third-biggest player, Cinemark Holdings Inc. of Plano, Texas, had filed prospectuses with the Securities & Exchange Commission to go public with initial offerings of stock.
Cinemark, currently the owner of 203 movie houses with 2,477 screens, hoped to raise $400 million in its sale of stock, while the larger AMC, owner of 411 theaters and 5,635 screens, set a goal of $750 million in its sale of shares.
The stock offerings come despite dour earnings. AMC has had nine straight years of losses, while Cinemark only returned to profitability last year after losing money in both 2004 and 2005. Cinemark had been owned since 2004 by the Chicago private equity buyout firm Madison Dearborn Partners.
What will these companies, both of which trail publicly traded Regal Entertainment Group of Knoxville, Tenn.(which has 539 theaters and 6,403 screens and a leading 17 percent share of the U.S. movie house market) do with the cash they raise? Some of it will be returned to investors such as Madison Dearborn. But a sizable chunk is going to be poured into new development, too.
Cinemark, for instance, reveals in its offering documents that it is planning to erect 28 theaters with 418 screens in the U.S., ranging from markets such as Austin, Texas, and Reno, Nev., to Napa, Calif., and Valparaiso, Ind. It will put up another eight screens offshore in countries like Brazil and Taiwan.
Consolidation, which has been ongoing for years, is also continuing as the biggest chains gobble up smaller rivals. In October, Cinemark paid over $1 billion for Century Theaters Inc. of San Rafael, Calif. Eric Handler, an analyst at Lehman Brothers in New York, says that Regal has earmarked an additional $300 million for future deals.
Handler projects a 6 percent rise in U.S. box office receipts overall this year as surefire hits such as Spider-Man 3 and Shrek the Third draw big crowds. “A bullish outlook for the upcoming summer film slate continues to reinforce our belief in the exhibition industry's cyclical upswing,” Handler says.
The second and third tiers of movie-house chains are likely to expand just as fast as the giants. Consider, for example, Kerasotes ShowPlace Theatres LLC in Chicago, the nation's sixth largest operator with 685 screens in 81 theaters. The company opened two suburban Chicago facilities in November, one with a dozen screens and the other with 14, and has started construction on another theater that will include an IMAX auditorium in the suburb of Bridgeview.
Even in the most crowded markets, Anthony Kerasotes, the president and CEO of his namesake chain, sees opportunities. “A lot of theaters still haven't modernized. We see holes in the marketplace everywhere we look,” he says.
Financing all these deals doesn't seem to be a problem. Kerasotes taps credit lines at both Providence Equity Partners Inc. in Providence, R.I., and Deutsche Bank AG's New York office.
Executives at Muvico Entertainment LLC in Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., echo that opinion. The company is a breed apart, erecting splashy movie palaces with ornate chandeliers, adults-only auditoriums, bars and restaurants and even plush sofas for seating.
Muvico, with 247 screens in 13 locations, is taking aim at Kerasotes's home market of Chicago, with construction under way on an 18-screen complex in suburban Rosemont. It's part of a sprawling entertainment hub that will include a hotel and water park. The construction cost in Rosemont will come close to $40 million, reports Michael Wilson, Muvico's vice president of real estate. He's seeking a couple more sites in Chicago for similar facilities.
Wilson observes that theaters like his “are being viewed as an entertainment anchor in the upscale lifestyle shopping centers that are being built in so many places. We're a great complement to sit-down restaurants and high-end retail shops.”
But he recognizes that AMC and Cinemark have set their sights on some of the same venues, and he expects competition from them to heat up. “Shareholders are going to demand steady growth from these chains once they're public,” he says. “There will be pressures on management to go out aggressively and secure new construction sites.”
For their part, many developers are pitting the movie chains against each other as they erect new shopping centers. Last fall, Cleveland-based Forest City Enterprises erected its new Shops at Northfield, a lifestyle center on the site of the old Stapleton Airport north of Denver, with an 18-screen Harkins Theatre as anchor.
Forest City is under way with construction of shopping centers in Richmond, Va., and Tampa, Fla., with pads reserved for theater operators, but nobody has signed on just yet.
“We've talked to several operators and find there is a lot of competition right now for good shopping center sites. We expect to have deals by the fall,” says James Richardson, vice president of commercial development at Forest City. He's been a bit surprised, he admits, by the interest of movie theaters in mall sites again.
“Movie houses were originally prominent big boxes in shopping malls, then they disappeared down the street and went freestanding on their own,” Richardson recalls. “Now they're coming back to malls again. That's great, as far as we're concerned. They add a lot of synergy to our centers.”
Movie houses increasingly are built adjacent to clusters of restaurants. “They feed off each other. They're a natural complement,” Richardson notes. And yet theater tenants aren't without their drawbacks: they require gobs of parking, which raises the hackles of adjacent restaurant operators. “You've got to position a theater carefully in your center to avoid conflicts,” Richardson admits.
As for the operators, they're also facing off against newly hatched chains in some places. One of the most prominent is Sundance Cinemas LLC, based in Los Angeles and associated with actor, director and producer Robert Redford (an investor), which has one theater open there and another in Madison, Wis., with yet a third planned on the site of a shuttered old candy factory on Chicago's West Side. In Illinois it will butt heads with another new chain, Chicago-based Eagle Theaters LLC, which has acquired an old theater in suburban Park Forest and is constructing a new facility downstate in the small town of Clinton.
For an expanded version of this article, check out the May issue of our sister publication National Real Estate Investor.